Conceptual

Domestic work has gendered meaning and content of both masculinity and femininity is strongly embedded in the cultural context. In our article, across three studies we analyse the perception of household duties and their division between partners in two countries differing with regard to gender equality levels: Norway and Poland. In our Study 1, Polish (N = 64, 40 women, M_decadess = ) and Norwegian (N = 45, 27 women, M_age = ) students rated the typicality of domestic duties for women and men in Poland and in Norway. Our results show that feminine-typed or masculine-typed household duties are perceived as less gendered in Norway than in Poland. In the second Study, using a sample consisting of students and internet users from Poland (N = 207, 92 women, M_age = ) and Norway (N = 126, 85 women, M_age = (SD = ), we investigated whether there are Polish-Norwegian differences with regard to willingness to be more involved in household obligations. Overall, Norwegian men and women were more willing to perform household tasks. This result also found confirmation in results obtained with larger representative samples in Study 3. Using European Social Survey records of 889 Poles (429 women, M_age = ) and 990 Norwegians (452 women, M_age = ) we compared data concerning men’s and women’s perception of their and their partners’ contribution to housework. Our results show that cultural context can relate to the perception of household duties that are perceived more gender-neutral in Norway than in Poland.

Inclusion

Guys across countries are under great pressure to comply with norms such as for example as the agency, popularity, search for large social status, and to start https://getbride.org/kanadan-morsiamet/ with avoidance away from womanliness (Berent mais aussi al. 2015; Mahalik mais aussi al. 2003). And this being associated with home-based job is not considered an effective mans business however, a beneficial female’s jobs, hence men should not do (Poortman and Van der Lippe 2009; Bosson and Vandello 2013). The fresh new the total amount to which housework try similarly split ranging from feminine and you can guys hinges on the amount of gender equivalence in certain nation. Within the places that have large levels of gender equivalence, folks carry out significantly more equivalent roles about people and you will it is usual for men becoming focused on residential really works compared to nations which have straight down gender equality (Glick & Fiske, 2001; Timber and you may Eagly 2012). While the posited from the biosocial construction design, cultural opinions about gender positions correspond with man’s observations of your situations of women and you may dudes within society, hence in the event that people observe women looking after youngsters and creating family chores chances are they feel that ladies are a lot more suited to carrying out domestic functions than dudes (Eagly and you may Steffen 1984; Timber and you may Eagly 2012). These gender role inferences, therefore, bring sex-differentiated conclusion that’s in addition to manifested for the ladies’ and you can men’s maturity and you will obligation to-be in home-based really works – medical results usually show that no matter what gender equivalence quantities of the world, really family negotiating turns out with feminine are way more accountable for housework (Coltrane 2000; Ehrenberg et al. 2001; Fuwa 2004).

Difference anywhere between men’s and you can ladies share for the domestic chores constitutes good noticeable gender pit in the family unit members. This gap try especially obvious whenever tasks are grouped into the masculine-penned and you may feminine-blogged housework (Schneider 2012). Centered on Tai and you may Treas (2013), discover almost common division off chores into the masculine-wrote (yard functions, slight solutions) and you may women-typed really works (age.grams. laundry, clean up, ill care) according to studies away from thirty-two places. The second selection of obligations includes chores, being strongly prevented by guys (Treas and you can Tai 2010), as they may be recognized as time-consuming and you can monotonous, in comparison to male-published opportunities such as for instance domestic repair, automobile repair, turf work which can be believed significantly more entertainment and you may episodic (Bianchi ainsi que al. 2006). Apart from the biosocial structure design (Timber and you can Eagly 2012), an alternate prospective reason why men commonly refrain from carrying out feminine-wrote points is the fear of not regarded as manly adequate. Knob is created along the lines of agencies and you will an anti-femininity mandate and therefore discourages dudes is involved in activities and therefore is actually female and you can public including childcare and you can residential work (Bosson and you can Vandello 2013; Caswell et al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka ainsi que al. 2016b; Schneider 2012). To stop housework shall be therefore a proven way where guys make up for threats to their masculinity and avoid negative appraisal from other neighborhood users exactly who assume men become macho and you may abstain from women work (Caswell et al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka et al. 2016b). Thus, male lovers don’t take-up enough share of gendered domestic personal debt, which would ensure it is female to be even more obvious on the labour b).